This subproject addresses two main objectives: 1) in collaboration with the invasive Parrots subproject, to generate models to characterize the potential dispersal of different pathogens by parrots in cities and to identify potential risks to human health; and 2) to explore the usefulness of data obtained by two citizen science programs to study the incidence of various pathogens and parasites in birds. The final objective is to determine whether these approaches can contribute to improving our knowledge about the ecology and transmission of different pathogens.